The urinary system and kidney functions








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The urinary system, comprising the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, serves as the body's primary excretory pathway. The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating urine formation, acid-base balance, blood pressure, erythropoiesis, detoxification, and endocrine functions such as renin and erythropoietin production. This text provides an overview of the functional anatomy and essential roles of the kidneys in sustaining internal equilibrium.